目的 针对高空无人机在平流层复杂环境下的热设计验证难题,提出基于空间环境模拟器的无人机外部对流换热等效模拟方法。方法 通过开展无人机、环境、内部设备的换热分析,建立无人机在飞行环境、试验环境下的传热有限节点系统传热模型。基于无量纲数分析方法,获得无人机在试验中由于缩比方法所引入的内部设备温度误差,取得与CFD仿真相吻合的结果。结果 仿真分析显示,缩比试验引起的设备温度变化与内部设备热流密度、安装方式、特征尺寸等因素相关,几乎不随太阳外热流变化。在典型的飞行工况下,由于缩比引起的内部设备温度误差始终小于10 ℃,可以满足无人机热模型验证等需求。结论 通过努塞尔数等效的风速缩比方法,可在空间环境模拟容器内部等效模拟高空无人机外部的强制对流换热,从而对无人机内部的热控设计进行考核。无量纲数分析显示,在典型飞行工况下,缩比导致的内部自然对流换热误差可优于10 ℃。研究为高空无人机地面热环境考核策略制定、试验方法选取提供了参考。
Abstract
In order to solve difficulties in the thermal design verification of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in the complex stratospheric environment, the work aims to propose an equivalent simulation method of external convective heat transfer based on a space environment simulator. A finite-node heat transfer model was established by analyzing heat exchange mechanisms among the UAV, environment, and internal equipment under both flight and test conditions. Based on the dimensionless number analysis, the temperature deviations in internal equipment caused by scaling methods were obtained, achieving results consistent with CFD simulations. Simulation analysis revealed that the temperature variations of equipment induced by scaled testing were correlated with factors such as the heat flux density of internal equipment, installation configurations, and feature sizes, while exhibiting negligible dependence on variations in external solar heat flux. The scaling-induced temperature deviations in internal equipment remained below 10 ℃ under typical flight conditions, meeting requirements for UAV thermal model verification. The study concludes that Nusselt number-equivalent wind speed scaling enables effective simulation of forced convective heat transfer in space environment simulators for verifying UAV thermal control designs, with dimensionless analysis confirming natural convective heat transfer deviations below 10 ℃ under typical flight conditions. This methodology provides valuable references for formulating ground thermal testing strategies and selecting testing approaches for high-altitude UAVs.
关键词
高空无人机 /
热边界等效模拟 /
空间环境模拟器 /
努塞尔数 /
风速缩比 /
相似准则
Key words
high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles /
thermal boundary equivalent simulation /
space environment simulator /
Nusselt number /
wind speed scaling /
similarity criterion
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